Sometimes, everyday speech just can't convey your meaning. You need words with a little more oomph — expletives.

有時(shí)候，日常用語(yǔ)無(wú)法傳達(dá)你的意思。你需要更有魄力的一些詞——臟話(huà)。

For the sake of knowledge though, we looked into the etymology of a few of these words. Learn where they originated below.

為了學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)，我們探尋了一部分咒罵語(yǔ)的詞源。下面來(lái)了解一下它們的起源。

The "F" Bomb

The oldest theories trace the expletive-to-end-all-expletives back to Norwegian fukka and Swedish focka, both meaning "to copulate."

關(guān)于這個(gè)完爆所有其他咒罵語(yǔ)的詞最早可以追溯到挪威語(yǔ)fukka和瑞典語(yǔ)focka，都是“交配”的意思。

Unfortunately, we don't have much evidence of use in English, partly because the original Oxford English Dictionary's creators reportedly considered it taboo. The OED's second edition, however, cites "fukkit" in 1503, but the earliest current spelling appears as "Bischops ... may f*** thair fill and be vnmaryit" from poet Sir David Lyndesay in 1535.

不幸的是，我們?cè)谟⒄Z(yǔ)里并沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)詞使用的淵源，部分原因據(jù)說(shuō)是牛津英語(yǔ)詞典的最初編寫(xiě)者認(rèn)為這個(gè)詞是禁忌。然而，牛津英語(yǔ)詞典第二版在1503年引用了"fukkit"。但是，這個(gè)詞的拼寫(xiě)最早出現(xiàn)在1535年，詩(shī)人Sir David Lyndesay寫(xiě)道:"Bischops ... may f*** thair fill and be vnmaryit."

The "S" Word

Here, we actually have two words and two separate origins to consider: the noun and the verb.

在此，我們其實(shí)要考慮兩個(gè)單詞和兩個(gè)不同的起源：名詞和動(dòng)詞。

The noun nods to Old English scitte, meaning "purging, diarrhea." And just the basic form of excrement stems from Old English scytel. The action, however, has a much more widespread history — Dutch schijten and German scheissen. The Proto-Indo-European base skie conveys the idea of separation, in this case, from the body.

名詞來(lái)自古英語(yǔ)scitte，意為“凈化、腹瀉。”只不過(guò)是從古英語(yǔ)scitte起源的基本排泄物形式。然而，這個(gè)行為有更廣泛的歷史——荷蘭語(yǔ)schijten和德語(yǔ)scheissen。這個(gè)原始印歐語(yǔ)系詞在這里，傳達(dá)的含義是與身體的分離。

Piss

Again, English includes two forms of this word, a noun and verb. The verb appeared in the 1300s from French pissier, "to urinate," and vulgar Latin, "pissiare." The noun came later, in the 1400s, and eventually morphed into an intensifying adjective — piss-poor, piss-ugly, etc. — around World War II.

同上，英語(yǔ)中這個(gè)詞有兩種形式，名詞和動(dòng)詞。動(dòng)詞是在14世紀(jì)起源于法語(yǔ)pissier"小便"和通俗拉丁語(yǔ)"pissiare" 。名詞出現(xiàn)于15世紀(jì)，要晚一些，最后在二戰(zhàn)前后演變成一個(gè)激烈的形容詞——比如說(shuō)piss-poor（極其貧窮的）、 piss-ugly（極其丑陋的）等等。

Goddamn

Obviously a compound word of "God" and "damn." "Damn" comes from Latin damnare which means "to condemn." And God originated with Norse goth. But when and how did we put the two together as a blasphemy?

這顯然是一個(gè)由"God" 和 "damn"構(gòu)成的合成詞。"Damn"是起源于拉丁文damnare，意思是“譴責(zé)"。God 起源于北歐歌特。但是，我們是什么時(shí)候以及怎么把這兩個(gè)詞結(jié)合起來(lái)作為褻瀆神明的言詞呢？

Let's thank the French for that. They started referring to the English as "les goddems" during the Hundred Years War because of their frequent profanity, according to Geoffrey Hughes' book, "A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths, and Profanity in English."

我們應(yīng)該感謝法國(guó)人。根據(jù)杰弗里·休斯的著作《英國(guó)充斥粗言穢語(yǔ)、咒罵、褻瀆”的社會(huì)歷史》，他們?cè)诎倌陸?zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間開(kāi)始用"les goddems"形容英國(guó)人，因?yàn)樗麄兘?jīng)常褻瀆神靈。

Hell

Our word for the worst possible place (religious or not) comes from Proto-Germanic haljo, "the underworld." Some relationship also exists between "cell" and "hell" through the Proto-Indo-European word for "to cover" or "conceal" — kel.

我們用來(lái)形容可能出現(xiàn)的最壞的世界（無(wú)論是否與宗教相關(guān)）的詞來(lái)源于原始日耳曼語(yǔ)haljo——“陰間”。 "cell" 和 "hell"還在原印歐語(yǔ)詞存在某些關(guān)系，意為“覆蓋”或“隱藏”。

Interestingly enough, the Biblical use of hell may stem from Old Norse Hel, the name of Loki's daughter in Norse mythology. She rules over the evil dead much like Hades does in Greek tales.

有趣的是，圣經(jīng)對(duì)地獄的用法可能起源于古斯堪的納維亞語(yǔ)Hel，北歐神話(huà)中Loki的女兒的名字。就像希臘傳說(shuō)中的哈德斯，她統(tǒng)治著邪惡的死亡魂靈。

Bitch

Almost everyone knows a bitch is a female dog, probably from Old Norse bikkjuna. Its use as a term of contempt to women, though, began in the 1400s.

幾乎所有人都知道bitch 是一條母狗。這可能源自古斯堪的納維亞語(yǔ)bikkjuna。然而，直到15世紀(jì)，它才開(kāi)始被用來(lái)蔑視婦女。

The word is first seen used this way in the Chester Plays of the 1400s. "Who callest thou queine, skabde bitch?" Basically, "Who are you calling a whore, you miserable bitch?”

這個(gè)詞第一次這么用是在15世紀(jì)的切斯特劇。"Who callest thou queine, skabde bitch?"大致意思是“你個(gè)死婊子，你叫誰(shuí)賤人呢？”

The verb, meaning "to complain," evolved as late at the 1930s.

動(dòng)詞用法直到20世紀(jì)30年代才出現(xiàn)，意為“抱怨”。

（來(lái)源：滬江英語(yǔ)，編輯 Helen）